Exoskeletons are utilized extensively in robotic rehabilitation and power augmentation purposes. One of the most recognised control algorithms utilized in this field is the impedance controller. Impedance control approach provides the capability of realizing different rehabilitation exercises by tuning the target impedance gains. Trial and error experimental approach is one of the most common methods reported in the literature used to tune the target impedance. In this research, a general framework is proposed to study the effect of the target impedance selection on the exoskeleton performance and generation of the human gait profile. The dynamic model of the human-exoskeleton in the sagittal plane is derived for gait simulation study. In addition, a novel human-exoskeleton interaction model is introduced. The simulation study was carried out to illustrate that how the target impedance gains should be selected to minimize several criterias such as energy consumption, interaction forces and position tracking errors during walking. As a result, the proposed method provides better insight into the effective selection methods of the impedance control gains.

Background and Aim: During military exercises, lower extremity injuries is very common. However there are limited data about risk factors and predictors of these types of injuries. The purpose of this study was to predict lower extremity injury in Iranian army rangers using the functional performance tests.Methods: This population study included 141 ranger cadets who were selected by convenience sampling from the Isfahan University complex in 2015. All the subjects were evaluated before the beginning of the rangers training. The functional performance tests of Y balance and triple hop test were used for evaluation.Musculoskeletal injuries resulting through a 7-month basic combat training period were recorded prospectively.Results: During the observation period, 42% of the rangers suffered from at least one musculoskeletal injury. Logistic regression modeling showed that the rangers with Y balance less than 81.5% of their limb length were 2.25 times more likely to have a lower extremity injury. Also, the rangers with a triple-hop distance less than 70% of their height were 2.3-fold more likely to have a lower extremity injury.Conclusion: It can be concluded that functional performance tests can predict lower extremity injuries during the basic combat training periods. Therefore, it is recommended that these tests be carried out before recruiting the rangers.

Introduction &,Objective: Soft tissue coverspecially in lower extremity and leg is a challenag for all reconstructive surgeons. Many methods and flaps have been introduced and used in this area. In this study we discussed about some unusual flaps that we used in our cases in 15 khordad hospital. Materials &,Methods: In this study according to ourresults in our cases, the leg divides into three subarea. We used Distal &,lateral thigh flap in proximal third, free gracilis flap for the middle third and Medial plantar flap andmedial pedis flap for lower third defect. Results: Our results suggest that these less common flaps have comparable results VS common flaps, and can be used as first step for leg reconstruction. Conclusions: In some cases, this study showed that the desired flops have received less attention,their results are comparable to the more common flops in terms of performance and appearance. This study emphasizes that the common methods should not necessarily be recognized as the best method and the best decision should be made for each disease based on the existing conditions.

Purpose: Maintaining balance in the feet and wrists while helping to improve poor center of gravity adjustment, balancing and properly applying force to climb climbing requirements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six weeks of training on neuromuscular performance balance and lower extremity function Girls rock climbing. Methods: Purposive sampling and available with number 30 (age 18± 25 years) were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group of 10 neuromuscular performances (n=10) groups. Prior to the training protocol (6 weeks), to measure performance balance and lower limb of the test subjects were used Star and functional movement screening tests. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance were used. The significant level of P≤ 0. 05 was used. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the balance and function of the lower extremities between the two neuromuscular and functional groups, but these differences were not significant between the two experimental groups. Conclusion: The results show that the performance and functional neuromuscular training programs to improve balance and lower extremity function Girls rock climbing and lead to increased athletic performance.

PURPOSE: We sought to determine the incidence, extent, and prognostic factors for physeal growth resumption after partial physeal bar resection. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients treated between 1981-2017 by lower extremity physeal bar resection. All radiographic images were reviewed from preoperatively until cessation of affected physeal growth, subsequent surgery, or skeletal maturity. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients met inclusion criteria (26 distal femora, 49 proximal tibiae (including 40 infantile Blount patients), 14 distal tibiae). Thirty-seven (42%) had at least two years’ normal growth (defined as “ successful” ), 13 (15%) showed less than two years’ growth (“ partial” ), and 39 (44%) had no growth (“ failure” ) after resection surgery. 56% of the “ successful” and “ partial” groups required subsequent surgery compared to 100% of the “ failure” group. The use of methylmethacrylate (CranioplasticTM) as interpositional material was superior to autologous fat (p <0. 01). Anatomic type of bar (peripheral, central, linear), physis affected, patient age, and etiology were not prognostic. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 40% of patients demonstrated useful resumption of growth after partial physeal bar resection. With the exception of interpositional material, other demographic variables were not prognostic. These RESULTS: should be considered when determining whether physeal bar resection surgery is warranted in individual patients. Advanced 3-D imaging reconstruction preoperatively, imaging confirmation of complete bar resection, markers to detect and monitor growth, and periodic radiographic follow up until cessation of growth or maturity should be incorporated in a standardized treatment regimen. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3.

Background & Aim: Normal axial alignment restoration in lower extremities is very important for surgeons that perform reconstructive surgeries. Since normal values of axial alignment in Iranian population aren't available, normal values in western countries are used in practice. In this study axial alignment norms in Iranian adults were determined and the results were compared with those of the studies in China and America. Patients and Method: Through a cross-sectional design, axial alignment view of lower extremities was taken in 68 volunteers (34 males & 34 females) between 18 and 32 years old. The average of axial alignment angles was measured. Data analysis was done by t-test and the existence of correlation was examined by using SPSS software. Then the results were compared to those obtained by the studies in China and America. Results: The average angle between anatomical axis of femur and tibia was 5. 10, which was different from 60 in western countries studies.Medial proximal tibial angle was 86.30, which was different from Chinese and American studies. The angle between mechanical axis of femur and tibia was 178. 50, which was not different from past studies. Tibia, in this study, had 0. 9 degrees tibia vara. and ankle was of 1. 7 degrees in valgus. Conclusion: Lower extremity axial alignment angles in Iranian adults are different from those in Chinese and American adults. Based on the angle between anatomical axis of tibia and femur, women's knee has 1. 60 more valgus than men's. No correlation was found between axial alignment and height, weight, tibia and femur length.

Introduction: Core stability is the ability to control the position and motion of the trunk over the pelvis and legs to allow optimum production and transfer the force to the terminal segment in sport activities. The role of core stability in lower extremity performance has been evaluated in some studies. However, results of such studies contradict each other. In this respect, it has been previously shown that studying the effect of core muscle fatigue on lower extremity performance can provide useful information about its critical role in lower extremity function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of core muscle fatigue on measurements of lower extremity functional performance in male athletes.Materials and Methods: Thirty-four healthy male physical education and sport sciences students participated in this experimental study. They all read and signed the consent form. Participants carried out the lower extremity functional performance tests including Y balance, side-to-side hop, figure-eight hop and triple hop in non-fatigued condition during first session. In the second session, at first, athletes participated in the core fatigue protocol consisting of seven exercises and immediately did the lower extremity functional performance tests. Paired t-test was used to compare the data in SPSS software, version 20.Results: Core fatigue protocol caused a significant reduction in the scores of all lower extremity functional performance tests including Y balance, side-to-side hop, figure-eight hop and triple hop (P=0.001 for all tests).Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that the core muscle function affects lower extremity performance, as core muscle fatigue resulted in decreased scores in all lower extremity functional performance tests in this study. Given the possibility that core muscles may become fatigued during long sporting events, training programs which increase core muscle endurance and improve their ability to resist fatigue, could probably be suggested as a way to prevent reduction of lower extremity performance during prolonged sporting activities.